Sumanasantaka

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Title of Work
Sumanasantaka
Type
⧼IdentificationMap-Kakawin⧽
Photo Reference
Location
Credit
Mpu Monaguna
Reference
Background information


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    Summary


    In English

    Kakawin Sumanasantaka is one of the longest kakawin after Bhomantaka, written by Mpu Monaguna during Kediri era. Sumanasantaka means "to die of flowers". This Kakawin is an adaptation of Sanskrit poetry Raghuvamsa, written in the fifth century AD by Kalidasa. Seen from the storyline, Sumanasantaka can be called a prequel to Kakawin Ramayana because it tells the story of the life of Sri Rama's grandparents, namely King Aja and Queen Indumati.

    The term Sumanasantaka is not found in Kalidasa's original work, nor is it the original title of Mpu Monaguna's epic kakawin. It is possible that the name Sumanasantaka was given by his successor, but not Mpu Monaguna himself. In this kakawin, which consists of more than one thousand hundred verses, he only wrote two verses in praise of ista devata (his worshipable god) in the first two stanzas and an offering to the king in the last three.

    This kakawin may have been written during the reign of King Jayabhaya in the context of a massive project to translate Sanskrit works (mangjawaken byasa mantra). However, the name Jayabhaya is not mentioned in this kakawin. Mpu Monaguna only mentions "someone who becomes his teacher in literature". However, from that person’s alias, it is clear that it is the title of King Jayabhaya which is similar to the name written in his inscriptions.

    This Kakawin first tells the story of a retired king named Trinabindu who performed austerities on Mount Gandhamadana. When a human performs austere asceticism, the gods become worried because the position of the gods can be shifted by a human who is successful in his asceticism. Lord Indra then sent an angel named Harini to disturb Trinabindu’s hermitage.

    However, Trinabindu knew that Harini was sent by the King of Heaven, Indra, to thwart his austerity. Trinabindu then cursed Harini to be born as a human. Harini begged Trinabindu to remove the curse because she had a husband in heaven. However, Trinabindu assured her that her husband would also be born as a great knight named Aja from Suryawamsa dynasty.

    Harini was then born into a human in the Widarbha kingdom. She was given the name Indumati. Her husband was born in Ayodhya as a prince of Aja. When they were teenagers, King Widarbha held a competition for his daughter’s wedding. Aja won the competition and invited Indumati to Ayodhya. They later married and had a son named Dasaratha, who would become Lord Rama's father.

    Aja and Indumati have had many adventures, which are discussed in detail in this kakawin. One day, they went to the forest on Mount Gokarna. There, Dewarsi Narada was playing a wina (a type of guitar) musical instrument. There was a Sumanasa flower that fell from the instrument and hit Indumati's chest. Indumati died from being hit by the flower. A brahmana then related that Indumati was cursed by Trinabindu to die by a flower of Sumanasa.

    Aja then ended his life in the confluence of the Sarayu and Ganga rivers. Finally they reunited in heaven as a pair of angels. On Earth, their kingdom was ruled by Dasaratha, who later had the son named Rama who was famous throughout the ages.

    In Balinese

    Kakawin Sumanasantaka inggih punika silih sinunggil kakawin pinih dawa sasampun Bhomantaka, karipta olih Mpu Monaguna duk jaman Kediri. Sumanasantaka maartos mati ulian sekar . Kakawin puniki inggih punika karya reriptan adaptasi saking Raghuvamsa sane karipta duk satawarsa kaping lima olih Kalidasa. Tinureksa saking pamargin satuanipun, Sumanasantaka dados kabaos satua pangawit Kakawin Ramayana riantukan satua puniki nyritayang indik pamargin urip kakiang lan niang Ida Sang Rama, inggih punika Sang Prabu Aja miwah Ratu Indumati.

    Kruna Sumanasantaka nenten munggah ring reriptan asli Kalidasa, tur nenten pinaka murda asli mahakawya pikaryan Mpu Monaguna puniki. Minab sane ngicen aran kakawin puniki inggih punika para sisyan ida, nanging nenten Mpu Monaguna. Ring kakawin sane madaging akehan saking siu satus pada puniki, ida wantah ngripta kalih pada pangawit pinaka pamujan ring ista dewatanida tur pangatur-atur majeng ring sang raja ring tigang pada kaping untat.

    Minab kakawin puniki karipta duk masan kaprabon Raja Jayabhaya rikalaning karya agung nyalin kasusastraan Sanskerta ring basa Jawi purwa mangjawaken byasa mantra . nanging, pesengan Raja Jayabhaya nenten munggah ring kakawin puniki. Mpu Monaguna wantah ngripta pesengan abiseka sang sane dados gurunida ring sajeroning paplajahan nyastra . Sakewanten saking pesengan abiseka sang sane kasambat punika, sampun katara nika wantah pesengan abiseka Raja Jayabhaya sane masaih sareng daging prasasti sane kametuang olih ida.

    Kakawin puniki pinih ajeng nyritayang indik raja mapesengan Trinabindu sane matapa ring Gunung Gandhamadana. Yening wenten manusa ngamargiang tapa brata sane banget teguh, wateh dewatane nyapnyap duaning genahidane pacang prasida kagingsir olih i manusa sane lulus matapa. Batara Indra raris ngutus dedari mapesengan Harini mangda ngulgul patapan Trinabindu.

    Sakewanten Trinabindu sampun uning indike Harini kautus olih Batara Indra sang pangambel jagat swargane matetujon mangda patapane pupus. Trinabindu raris mastu Harini mangdane dumadi dados manusa. Harini nunas mangda Trinabindu ngawangdeang pastu punika duaning ipun madue somah ring swargaloka. Nanging Trinabindu mabaos, somahnyane pacang taler dumadi dados manusa ksatria digjaya mapesengan Aja, saking tereh Suryawamsa.

    Harini raris dumadi dados manusa ring kadatuan Widarbha. Ipun kaicen pesengan Indumati. Somahipun dumadi ring Ayodhya dados Pangeran Aja. Ritatkala makakalih sampun anom, Raja Widarbha ngelar swayamwara pacang nyerahang okan ida istri ring ksatria sane menang. Aja dados jayanti ring swayamwara punika tur ngambil Indumati dados rabi ring Ayodhya. Sareng kalih raris makerab tur madue oka mapesengan Dasaratha, sane pacang dados ajin Ida Sang Ramadewa.

    Aja miwah Indumati ngintasin akeh pisan palampah. Makasami karipta ring kakawin puniki. Sedek rahina anu, ida makakalih lunga ring alas Gunung Gokarna. Irika, Ida Dewarsi Narada sedek nyuarang wina sakadi gitar . Wenten sekar sumanasa akatih ulung saking wina punika tur enceg ring tangkah Indumatine. Indumati raris pejah saantukan keni sekar punika. Raris wenten brahmana nyritayang indike dumun Indumati kapastu olih Trinabindu mangda pejah olih sekar Sumanasa.

    Aja raris muputang uripida ring patemon Tukad Sarayu lan Gangga. Pamekasne, ipun sareng kalih masikian malih ring swargan dados dedari. Ring gumine, kadatuanidane makakalih kagambel olih Dasaratha, sane pacang ngametuang oka Ida Sang Ramadewa sane kaloktah salangkung jaman.

    In Indonesian

    Kakawin Sumanasantaka adalah salah satu kakawin paling panjang setelah Bhomantaka, ditulis oleh Mpu Monaguna pada zaman Kediri. Sumanasantaka berarti “tewas karena bunga”. Kakawin ini adalah sebuah karya adaptasi dari Raghuvamsa yang ditulis pada abad kelima Masehi oleh Kalidasa. Dilihat dari alur kisahnya, Sumanasantaka bisa disebut sebagai prekuel Kakawin Ramayana karena mengisahkan tentang kehidupan kakek-nenek Sri Rama, yakni Maharaja Aja dan Ratu Indumati.

    Istilah Sumanasantaka tidak terdapat dalam karya asli Kalidasa, dan bukan juga judul asli kakawin epik karya Mpu Monaguna ini. Kemungkinan yang menamai kakawin ini Sumanasantaka adalah para penerusnya, namun bukan Mpu Monaguna sendiri. Dalam kakawin yang terdiri atas lebih dari seribu seratus bait ini, beliau hanya menulis dua sajak pujian kepada ista dewata (dewata pujaannya) pada dua bait awal dan persembahan kepada raja di tiga bait terakhir.

    Kemungkinan kakawin ini ditulis pada masa Raja Jayabhaya dalam rangka proyek penerjemahan karya-karya berbahasa Sanskerta (mangjawaken byasa mantra). Namun, nama Raja Jayabhaya tidak disebutkan dalam kakawin ini. Mpu Monaguna hanya menyebutkan nama gelar ‘seseorang yang menjadi gurunya dalam kesusastraan’. Namun dari gelar orang tersebut, jelas itu merupakan gelar Raja Jayabhaya yang mirip dengan isi prasasti peninggalannya.

    Kakawin ini pertama-tama mengisahkan seorang raja bernama Trinabindu yang melakukan pertapaan di Gunung Gandhamadana. Apabila seorang manusia melakukan pertapaan keras, para dewa menjadi khawatir karena posisi para dewa bisa digeser oleh manusia yang berhasil dalam pertapaannya. Dewa Indra kemudian mengutus seorang bidadari bernama Harini untuk mengganggu pertapaan Trinabindu.

    Namun Trinabindu mengetahui bahwa Harini diutus oleh Raja Surga Indra untuk menggagalkan tapanya. Trinabindu kemudian mengutuk Harini agar lahir menjadi manusia. Harini memohon kepada Trinabindu agar menghapus kutukan itu karena dia memiliki suami di surga. Namun Trinabindu meyakinkannya bahwa suaminya juga akan lahir menjadi seorang ksatria hebat bernama Aja dari keturunan Suryawamsa.

    Harini kemudian lahir menjadi manusia di kerajaan Widarbha. Dia diberi nama Indumati. Suaminya pun lahir di Ayodhya sebagai pangeran Aja. Tatkala mereka remaja, raja Widarbha menyelenggarakan sayembara untuk pernikahan putrinya. Aja memenangi sayembara itu dan mengajak Indumati ke Ayodhya. Mereka kemudian menikah dan memiliki putra bernama Dasaratha, yang akan menjadi ayah Sri Rama.

    Aja dan Indumati mengalami banyak petualangan, yang dibahas dengan detail dalam kakawin ini. Suatu hari, mereka pergi ke hutan di Gunung Gokarna. Di sana, Dewarsi Narada sedang memainkan alat musik wina (sejenis gitar). Ada sekuntum bunga Sumanasa yang jatuh dari alat musik itu dan mengenai dada Indumati. Indumati pun meninggal karena terkena bunga itu. Seorang brahmana kemudian mengisahkan bahwa Indumati dahulu dikutuk oleh Trinabindu agar meninggal oleh sekuntum bunga Sumanasa.

    Aja kemudian mengakhiri hidupnya di perpaduan sungai Sarayu dan Gangga. Akhirnya mereka bersatu kembali di surge sebagai sepasang bidadari. Di Bumi, kerajaan mereka diperintah oleh Dasaratha, yang kelak memiliki putra Sri Rama yang termashyur sepanjang zaman.

    Text Excerpt


    Bahasa Kawi/Kuno

    i sampun ira munggah ing ratha tumut nrpawaraduhita hane wuri

    pasanggha ni surak watek raghusutamaji talinga nikang wwang angrengo linud i kĕtug ing gubar saha garantung uni nika karengw anglw-alo ikang wwang apeken-peken gumuruh awreg inawaran i duta ning musuh [145: 10]

    taken from Worsley (2014: 394).

    In English

    After Prince Aja boards the chariot, the princess follows. The roar of the cries of the army is deafening, so is the thundering of gubar and garantung gongs, the people trading in the market run frantically, confused by enemy’s spies. Translated by expert

    In Balinese

    Sasampun Pangeran Aja munggah ring kreta perange, ida sang putri nyarengin. Pakaik prajurite mongolin kuping, punika taler kerug gong gubar lan garantung. Anake sane maadolan ring pasar pablesat, kauyak olih telik sandin i musuh.

    Kasalin antuk basa Bali olih ahli

    In Indonesian

    Setelah Pangeran Aja menaiki kereta perang, sang putri mengikuti. Deru teriakan bala tentara memekakan telinga, demikian pula gelegar gong gubar dan garantung, orang-orang yang berdagang di pasar kalang-kabut, dikacaukan oleh mata-mata musuh Diterjemahkan oleh Worsley (2014: 394).

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